100% Online Accredited Masters Degrees in Ministry, Bible, and Theology

****This page is regularly updated****

Thinking about getting a graduate degree in theology, biblical studies, ministry, or other related subjects? As you already know, it costs a lot to uproot your family and move to another city, let alone another state. You, your spouse, or both of you may have a great job that you like, so moving doesn't make sense. And if you have kids, then you know how challenging a move can be for them. Thankfully, many Christian seminaries and universities are asking themselves how they can make it easier for YOU (the student) to receive biblical and practical training that results in a degree you're proud of. More and more schools are offering 100% online graduate degrees, but few do it well. This post lists schools offering well-designed or unique online/distance degrees. ***When I say online degrees, I'm referring to degrees via both:

1. On-demand/anytime online courses.

2. Live-streaming/real-time online courses (joining classes live via live-streaming/video conferencing).

3. Some degrees might be hybrid (online and a short residency), but most are fully online in some way.

When considering which schools should be on this list, I tried to offer a range of schools to choose from. The list below is diverse in terms of theology, denominational affiliation (or lack thereof), degree offerings, school size, etc. However, each school I've listed has regional or national accreditation (the US Department of Education now sees no difference between the 2 types of accreditation). Also, aside from a couple of exceptions, the following schools offer 100% online degrees (and those exceptions require only a few days on campus for the duration of your studies at their school). While many schools have distance-learning options for some of their degrees, including online classes and in-person intensive weeks, few schools offer stellar 100% online graduate degrees.

As you peruse this list, remember that just because different schools offer degrees with the same title doesn't mean they cover or teach the same content. This is because, in part, most schools have a unique institutional focus. For instance, Hope International University is one of the best schools for ministry/practitioner training. The King's University has a more charismatic theological focus, while Dallas Seminary emphasizes Bible exposition, and Southern Evangelical Seminary emphasizes apologetics... You get the drift.

Finally, just because I've listed a school doesn't mean I endorse every theological belief it holds, so don't "come at me, bro!"LOL! If you like education, are thinking about future degrees, or even appreciate what you read here, take a look at my other posts in this series: obtaining an overseas PhD without moving overseas PhD, earning an overseas master's degree without moving overseas, and PhD distance learning programs in the United States.

Degree Abbreviations

MDiv = Master of Divinity

MA = Master of Arts

MS = Master of Science

MAT = Master of Applied Theology

MBS = Master of Biblical Studies

MAp = Master of Apologetics

MCS = Master of Christian Studies

MCM = Master of Chaplain Ministry

MTS = Master of Theological Studies

MRE = Master of Religious Education

MPT = Master of Practical Theology

MMin = Master of Ministry

MWM = Master of Worship Ministry

MBTS = Master of Biblical and Theological Studies

MABL = Master of Applied Biblical Leadership

MGE = Master of Global Engagement

MTE = Master of Theological Essentials

MM - Master of Music

MPhil = Master of Philosophy (postgraduate degree)

ThM = Master of Theology (postgraduate degree)

MTh = Master of Theology (equal to an MA degree)

EdS = Education Specialist

__________________________________________________

Abilene Christian University

**MDiv in Ministry or Missions

**MA in Children’s Ministry, Education Ministry, or Youth & Family Ministry

**MTS in Ancient & Oriental Christianity, Modern & American Christianity, New Testament, Old Testament, or Theology

Anderson University

MA in Christian Ministry & Preaching

Ashland University (Ashland Theological Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Applied Bible & Theology, Biblical Studies, Black Church Studies, Christian Ministries, or Historical & Theological Studies

Bethel University (Bethel Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Children's, Youth & Family, Christian Thought, Ministry, or Theological Studies

Biola University (Talbot School of Theology)

**MDiv in Pastoral Ministry or Missions & Intercultural Studies 

**MA in Bible Exposition, Christian Apologetics, Classical Theology, Intercultural Studies, Ministry & Leadership, New Testament, Old Testament, Philosophy, Science & Religion, or Theology

Birmingham Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical Counseling, Biblical Languages, Church Planting, or Public Theology

**MA in Biblical Counseling, Pastoral Leadership, or Public Theology

**MBS

**MAp

**MWM

**ThM in Systematic Theology

Bushnell University

**MA in Leadership or Theology & Culture

**MPhil in Theology

Cairn University

**MA in Religion or Worship & Music

Calvin Theological Seminary

**ThM in Old Testament, New Testament, History of Christianity, Missiology, Systematic Theology, Philosophical & Moral Theology, Pastoral Care, or Worship.

**MTS (concentrations in areas like Old Testament, New Testament, Theology, History of Christianity, Apologetics, etc.)

**MDiv in Ministry

**MA in Bible & Theology or Christian Leadership (concentrations: Advanced Urban Ministry, Bible Instruction, Discipleship & Faith Formation, Missional Ministry, Organizational Management, Pastoral Ministry, Pastoral Care, or Worship)

Campbellsville University

**MDiv in Biblical Studies, Missions & Ministry, or Pastoral Care & Chaplaincy

**MTh in Biblical Studies, Pastoral Leadership, or Theological Studies

Carolina University (Piedmont Divinity School)

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Studies, Ministry, or Ministry Administration

Cedarville University

**MA in Biblical Leadership or Worship & Theology

Central Baptist Theological Seminary (MN)

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Counseling or Theology (Biblical Studies or Biblical Worldview)

**ThM in New Testament, Old Testament, or Systematic Theology

Central Christian College of the Bible (Russell School of Ministry)

**MA in Ministry Leadership in Preaching

Colorado Christian University

**MA in Biblical Studies, Executive Leadership in Christian Ministry, or Theological Studies

Columbia International University (Columbia Biblical Seminary)

**MDiv in Bible Exposition, Care & Counseling, Chaplaincy, Ministry Studies, Missiological Studies, or Muslim-Christian Relations

**MA in Bible Exposition, Care & Counseling, Chaplaincy, Global Migration Studies, Intercultural Studies, Ministry Studies, Muslim-Christian Relations, or Theological Studies

Cornerstone University (Cornerstone Theological Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Exegesis (Old Testament or New Testament), Biblical Studies, Ministry Leadership, or TESOL & Cross-Cultural Ministry

**ThM in Old Testament or New Testament

Dallas International University

**MA in Applied Linguistics, Human Migration, Language & Culture, Translation Advising, or World Arts

Dallas Theological Seminary

**MA in Apologetics & Evangelism, Chaplaincy & Ministry Care, Christian Education, Christian Leadership, Christian Studies, Counseling, Intercultural Studies, Jewish Studies, or Media Arts & Worship

**MBTS

**ThM in Apologetics & Philosophy, Bible Exposition, Bible Translation, Chinese Ministry, Counseling & Ministry Care, Disability Ministry, Educational Ministries, Evangelism & Discipleship, General Studies, Historical Theology, Homiletics, Jewish Studies, Leadership Studies, Media Arts & Worship, Ministry with Women, Missions, New Testament Studies, Old Testament Studies, Pastoral Theology & Practice, Spiritual Formation, or Systematic Theology

****ThM and some of its various majors are available through hybrid study

Denver Seminary

**MDiv in Anglican Studies, Chaplaincy, Leadership, New Testament, Old Testament, Pastoral Care & Counseling, Spiritual Formation, Theology, or Theology-Justice & Social Justice.

**MA in Biblical & Theological Studies, Christian Studies, Leadership, New Testament, Old Testament, Pastoral Care, Theology, or Theology-Justice & Social Justice.

**ThM in Old Testament, New Testament, or Theology

Evangel University (Assemblies of God Theological Seminary)

**MDiv in Expository Preaching, Islamic Studies, or Military & Institutional Chaplaincy

**Master of Leadership & Ministry

**MA in Intercultural Studies (Global Missions, Intercultural Studies, Islamic Studies, or Member Care) or Theological Studies (Old Testament, New Testament, Biblical Studies, Pentecostal & Charismatic Studies, Intercultural Theology)

Faith Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Discipleship or Shepherding

**MA in Biblical Counseling, Practical Theology, Religion, or Theological Studies (Christian Thought or Systematic Theology)

Freed-Hardeman University

**MDiv in Apologetics, Biblical Languages, Chaplaincy, Church History, Ministry, Missions, New Testament, or Old Testament

**MA in Ministry, New Testament, Old Testament, or Pastoral Care & Counseling

Fresno Pacific University (Fresno Pacific Biblical Seminary)

**MA in Christian Ministry or Ministry, Leadership, & Culture

Fuller Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Asian American Ministry, Biblical Studies, Black Church Studies, Chaplaincy, Intercultural & Urban Ministry, Leadership in Times of Change, Worship Leadership, or Youth/Family/Culture

**MA in Theological Studies (Biblical Studies, Ethics & Public Theology, Mission & Culture, Theology & the Arts, Theology & History, or World Christianity), Justice & Advocacy, Global Missional Leadership (Intercultural Studies or Leadership Studies), Chaplaincy, or Theology & Ministry (Asian American Ministry, Black Church Studies, Ecclesial Leadership, Intercultural & Urban Ministry, Worship Leadership, or Youth/Family/Culture)

**ThM in Theology (Old Testament, New Testament, or Theology) or Theological Studies (Christian Ethics, Church History, Historical Theology, Pentecostal Studies, Practical Theology, Public Theology, Systematic Theology, or Theology Culture)

**ThM in Intercultural Studies

Gateway Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical Studies, Christian Counseling, Collegiate Ministry, Global Engagement, Intercultural Studies, Ministry to Women, or Youth Ministry

**MA in Educational Leadership (Educational Leadership or Youth Ministry) or Intercultural Studies

**MTS in Biblical Studies or Theological Studies

**MGE

**MTE

**ThM in Biblical Studies or Theological Studies

Global University

**MDiv in Biblical Theology & Languages or Ministerial Studies

**MA in Biblical Studies or Ministerial Studies

Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary

**MDiv

**MA in Christian Ministry or Theological Studies

**ThM in Biblical Studies (Ancient Languages & Cultures, Old Testament, or New Testament), Christian Thought (Church History, Theology, or Missiology), or Practical Theology (Ministry)

Grace School of Theology

**MDiv in Biblical Counseling, Church Planting, Interdisciplinary, Ministry Leadership, or Pastoral Ministry

**MMin in Biblical Counseling, Black Church Studies, Church Planting, Interdisciplinary, Ministry Leadership, or Pastoral Ministry

**MA in Biblical Studies

**ThM in New Testament, Old Testament, or Historical Theology

Grace Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Chaplaincy, Christian Ministry, Exegetical Studies, General Studies, Intercultural Studies, Pastoral Counseling, or Pastoral Studies

**MA in Christian Ministry (Expository Preaching & Teaching, Chaplaincy, Military Chaplaincy, Intercultural Studies, Local Church Studies, Women's Leadership)

**MA in Ministry Studies

Grand Canyon University (Grand Canyon Theological Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Christian Leadership, Christian Ministry, Urban Ministry, or Youth & Family Ministry

**MS in Mental Health & Wellness/Christian Ministry

Hope International University (Pacific Christian College)

**MDiv in Christian Ministry & Leadership, Church Planting, Intercultural Studies, Spiritual Formation, or Worship Ministry

**MA in Ministry in Biblical Studies, Christian Leadership, Church Planting, Intercultural Studies, Pastoral Care, Spiritual Formation, or Children, Youth & Family Ministry

****(Single concentration or dual concentrations available)

Houston Christian University (Houston Theological Seminary) **MDiv

**MA in Apologetics, Christian Leadership, or Theological Studies

Indiana Wesleyan University (Wesley Seminary)

**MDiv in Biblical Studies, Children/Youth/Family Ministry, Leadership, Pastoral Care, Pastoral Ministry, Spiritual Formation, or Worship Arts

**MTS

**MA in Ministry in Biblical Studies, Children/Youth/Family Ministry, Leadership, Pastoral Care, Pastoral Ministry, Spiritual Formation, or Worship Arts

Institute of Lutheran Theology (Christ School of Theology)

**MDiv in Biblical Theology or Doctrinal Theology

**MA in Biblical Theology, Religion, or Theology

**MMin

**MCM

**STM

Kentucky Christian University

**MA in Biblical Studies (New Testament, Old Testament, or Theological Studies)

**MA in Christian Leadership (Christian Ministry, Family Ministry, Leadership Studies, Missional Studies, or Preaching)

The King's University (The King’s Seminary)

**MDiv in Ministry or Messianic Jewish Studies

**MPT in Ministry or Messianic Jewish Studies

**MTS

Knox Theological Seminary

**MDiv with many electives

**MA in Biblical & Theological Studies or Christian & Classical Studies

Lancaster Bible College (Capital Bible Seminary)

**MDiv in Christian Care, Formation Leadership, or Ministry

**MA in Addiction Counseling, Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Christian Care, Formation Leadership, or Ministry

Liberty University

**MDiv in Biblical Languages, Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Christian Leadership & Church Ministries, Christian Ministries, Church History, Church Ministry in the Digital Age, Discipleship Ministries, Educational Ministries, Global & Intercultural Leadership, Homiletics, Leadership, General, Pastoral Counseling, Professional Chaplaincy: Community, Professional Chaplaincy: General, Professional Chaplaincy: Healthcare, Professional Chaplaincy: Military, Theology, or Youth & Family Ministries

**MA in Applied Ministry, Bible Exposition, Biblical Languages (Language Exegesis or Linguistics), Biblical Studies, Chaplaincy (General or Sports), Christian Apologetics, Christian Leadership, Christian Ministry, Church Planting, Educational Ministries, Global & Intercultural Studies (General, Linguistics, or TESOL), Music & Worship, Pastoral Counseling (Addictions & Recovery, Community Chaplaincy, Crisis Response & Trauma, Discipleship & Church Ministry, Family Advocacy & Public Policy, Marriage & Family Studies, Parent & Child/Adolescent Development, General, Leadership, Life Coaching, Marriage & Family, Military Resilience, Pastoral Counseling, or Theology), Theological Studies, or Worship Studies (General, African-American Worship, Ethnomusicology, Leadership, Pastoral Counseling, Songwriting, Worship Techniques, or Worship Technology)

**MA in Religion (Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Church History, Church Ministry in the Digital Age, Community Chaplaincy, Discipleship & Church Ministry, Evangelism & Church Planting, Global & Intercultural Leadership, Homiletics, Leadership, Next Generation Ministry, Pastoral Counseling, Pastoral Ministries, Theology, or Worship)

**MA in Human Services Counseling & Christian Ministries

**MRE

**EdS in Community Care & Couseling: Pastoral Care & Counseling

**ThM in Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Church History, Global & Intercultural Leadership, Homiletics, or Theology

Life Pacific University

**MDiv

**MA in Strategic Leadership or Theological Studies

Luther Rice College & Seminary

**MDiv in Ministry

**MA in Apologetics, Christian Studies, or Ministry & Leadership

The Master's University & Seminary

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Counseling or Biblical Studies (Biblical Languages, Missions, Music & Worship, Theological Studies, or Women's Ministry)

**ThM in Bible Exposition, Old Testament, New Testament, or Theology

Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv (Biblical Counseling, Biblical Languages, Biblical Theology, Christian Education, Christian Theology, Church Planting, Church Revitalization, Discipleship, Ministry Leadership, Ministry to Women, Missions, Preaching & Pastoral Ministry, Student Ministry, or Worship Ministry)

**MTS (Apologetics & Evangelism, Christian Theology, or Historical Theology)

**MAT (Biblical Counseling, Christian Education, Church Planting, Church Revitalization, Discipleship, Ministry Leadership, Ministry to Women, Missions, Preaching, Student Ministry, or Worship Ministries)

**MBS (Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Languages, or Biblical Theology)

**MA in Biblical Counseling, Christian Education, Intercultural Studies, or Worship Ministries

**MCS

Milligan University (Emmanuel Christian Seminary)

**MDiv (Biblical Studies, Christian Care & Counseling, Christian Ministries, Christian Spiritual Formation, Christian Theology, Historical Theology, New Testament, Old Testament, or World Mission)

**MA in Christian Ministries

**MTS (Biblical Studies, Christian Theology, Church History, Historical Theology, New Testament, or Old Testament)

Moody Bible Institute (Moody Theological Seminary)

**MDiv in Biblical Languages, Biblical Preaching, Biblical Spiritual Formation & Discipleship, Interdisciplinary Studies, Ministry Leadership, Nonprofit Administration & Leadership, or Pastoral Studies.

**MA in Biblical Spiritual Formation & Discipleship, Biblical Studies, Ministry Leadership, Ministry Studies (Christian Counseling, Interdisciplinary Studies, Ministry Leadership, Ministry Entrepreneurship, or Missions), Nonprofit Administration & Leadership, or Pastoral Studies (Advanced Track, Biblical Preaching, or Pastoral Ministry).

**MTS in Old Testament or New Testament

Nations University

**MDiv in Ministry

**MTS in Theological Studies

Nelson University

**MDiv in Biblical Languages, Biblical Studies, Counseling, Chaplaincy, Intercultural Studies, Family Ministry, Pastoral Theology, or Theological Studies

**MA in Bible & Theology, Children & Family, Intercultural Studies, or Practical Theology

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical Languages, Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Christian Education, Christian Ministry, Christian Thought, Church Music, Collegiate Ministry, Counseling in Ministry, Expository Preaching, Marriage & Family Counseling, Ministry to Women, Philosophy, or Worship Ministry

**MA in Apologetics, Biblical Archaeology, Biblical Studies, Christian Education, Church & Community Ministries, Cross-Cultural Studies, Discipleship, Ministry to Women, Pastoral Ministry, Philosophy, Theology, or Worship Ministry

**MTS

**MM in Church Music

Northwest Nazarene University

**MDiv in Chaplaincy, Missional Leadership, Spiritual Formation, or Youth/Children & Family Ministry

**MA in Missional Leadership, Pastoral Ministry, Spiritual Formation, or Youth/Children & Family Ministry

Oral Roberts University **MDiv

**Master of Christian Ministry

**MA in Biblical Literature, Intercultural Studies, Leadership & Global Engagement, Practical Theology & Teaching Ministries, or Theological & Historical Studies

Ozark Christian College (Lincoln Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Bible & Theology, Biblical Studies, Spiritual Formation, or Strategic Leadership

**MA in Christian Ministry

****The MA in Christian Ministry is 100% online, while the other degrees can be earned via hybrid study

Pentecostal Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical Studies, Congregational Care, Discipleship & Ministry Leadership, Historical Studies, Theological Studies, or World Mission & Evangelism

**MTS in Biblical Studies or Pentecostal Theology

**MA in Christian Studies or Church Ministries (Discipleship & Ministry Leadership or Global Pentecostalism & Mission), Clinical Mental Health Counseling, or Pastoral Counseling

**ThM in Biblical, Historical/Theological Studies, or Practical Theology

Phoenix Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical & Theological Studies or Christian Studies

**MA in Biblical & Theological Studies or Ministry (Christian Studies)

Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary

**MDiv

**MA in Religion (Historical Theology, New Testament, Old Testament, or Systematic Theology)

**ThM in Biblical Studies, Historical Theology, or Systematic Theology

Reformed Theological Seminary

**MA in Biblical Studies, Religion, or Theological Studies

**ThM in Theology or Ministry

Regent University (Regent Divinity School)

**MDiv in Biblical Languages, Chaplain Ministry, Christian Discipleship, Christian Theology, Church History, Church & Ministry, Church Planting, Interdisciplinary Studies, Marketplace Ministry, Missiology, New Testament, Old Testament, Online Ministry, Spiritual Formation, or Worship & Media

**MA in Apologetics & Cosmogony, Christian Discipleship, Church Leadership, Church Planting, Evangelism & Mission, Online Ministry, Pastoral Counseling, Practical Theology, or Spiritual Formation

**MTS in Biblical Languages, Biblical Studies, Christian Theology, or Church History

**ThM in Biblical Studies, Christian Theology, Historical Theology, or Practical Theology

Rockbridge Seminary

**MDiv

**Master of Ministry Leadership

Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv in Biblical Counseling, Christian Ethics, Christian Ministry, Church Revitalization, International Church Planting, Ministry Leadership, Ministry to Women, Missiology, North American Church Planting, Pastoral Ministry & Biblical Counseling, Preaching & Pastoral Ministry, or Student Ministry

**MA in Biblical Counseling, Christian Education, Christian Marriage, Family & Individual Counseling, Christian Ministry, Christian Revitalization, Christian Studies, Church Planting, Intercultural Studies, Ministry Leadership, Ministry to Women, or Student Ministry

**ThM in Biblical Studies (Old Testament or New Testament), Theological Studies (Theology, Philosophy, Historical Theology, Christian Ethics), or Applied Theology (Preaching, Evangelism, Missions, Biblical Counseling, Christian Leadership, Women’s Studies or Theology & Worship)

Southeastern University

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Studies, Family Ministry, or Theological Studies

**MA in Ministerial Leadership in Executive Ministry, Leadership, or Ministry

**MS in Pastoral Care & Counseling

**MA in Human Services & Christian Ministries

The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv (students can use their electives to earn one or more of the following graduate certificates: Apologetics & Philosophy, Biblical Counseling, Biblical Theology, Biblical Worship, Christian Leadership, Church History, Church Planting & Revitalization, Islamic Studies, Missions, Greek Exegesis, Hebrew Exegesis, or Systematic Theology)

**MA in Apologetics, Biblical Counseling, Christian Education, Church Ministries, Leadership, Islamic Studies, Missiology, Theological Studies, Theological Studies & Intercultural Leadership, Theological Studies & Lay Leadership, or Worship Leadership

**ThM in Biblical Studies, Historical & Theological Studies, Philosophy & Theological Studies, or Practical Theology.

Southern Evangelical Seminary

**MDiv in Apologetics or Biblical Studies

**MA in Biblical Studies, Christian Apologetics, Christian Apologetics & Theology, Church Ministry, Philosophy, or Religion

**ThM

Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary

**MDiv in International Church Planting and various majors available in the schools of Educational Ministries, Evangelism & Missions, or Theology

**MA in Biblical Counseling, Christian Education, or Worship Leadership

**MTS

**ThM with various majors available in the schools of Educational Ministries, Evangelism & Missions, or Theology

Trinity Bible College & Graduate School

**MA in Bible & Theology, Community & Healthcare Chaplaincy, Global Theology, Missional Leadership, or Rural Ministries

University of Valley Forge

**MA in Christian Leadership, Theology, or Worship Studies (Pastoral/Preaching Track or Worship Leading Track)

Wayland Baptist University

**MDiv (various majors)

**MA in Christian Ministry

Wesley Biblical Seminary

**MDiv in Ministry, Chaplaincy, Biblical Languages, and Honors Research

Western Seminary

**MDiv in Bible, Chaplaincy, Church & Culture, Church History, Church Planting, Christian Spirituality, Educational Ministry, Evangelism, Family Ministry, Global Leadership, Greek, Hebrew, Intercultural Studies, Pastoral Care, Women's Transformational Leadership, Worship, or Youth Ministry

**MA in Biblical & Theological Studies in Biblical/Theological Studies, Chaplaincy, Coaching, Exegetical Studies, Pastoral Studies, or Women's Transformational Leadership

**MA in Ministry & Leadership in Spirituality & Formation or Intercultural Studies

**ThM in Historical Theology, New Testament, Old Testament, Pastoral Theology, or Systematic Theology

Westminster Theological Seminary (PA)

**MDiv in Ministry

**MA in Counseling, Religion, or Theological Studies

**ThM in Biblical Studies (Old Testament or New Testament) or Historical & Theological Studies (Church History, Systematic Theology, or Apologetics).

Wheaton College

**MA in Biblical Exegesis, Biblical & Theological Studies, Evangelism & Leadership, Higher Education & Student Development, History of Christianity, Leadership, Ministry Leadership, Outdoor & Adventure Leadership, TESOL & Intercultural Studies, or Theology.

William Jessup University (Multnomah Seminary)

**MDiv

**MA in Biblical Studies, Global Development & Justice, or Transformational Leadership